Modern treaties are negotiated amongst the governments of Canada, British Columbia and First Nations in BC. Treaties are grounded in the recognition of the Indigenous rights; reconcile pre-existing Indigenous sovereignty with assumed Crown sovereignty; do not extinguish the rights, including title, in form or result; and are able to evolve over time based on the co-existence of Crown and Indigenous governments and the ongoing process of reconciling preexisting Indigenous sovereignty with assumed Crown sovereignty.
Learn more about innovative self-government agreements negotiated through the treaty process and signed by the Parties below.
Please see the Negotiations Process page, which sets out the BC Treaty Commission’s policies and procedures for Stages 1 – 4 of the six-stage treaty negotiations process.
It also sets out the Treaty Commission’s basic policies on Dispute Resolution and Interim Measures.
The Kitsumkalum Treaty: A Living Agreement or referred to as the Kitsumkalum Treaty, was ratified by the Kitsumkalum First Nation on November 1, 2025.
For recent updates, please see our latest annual report.
The Kitselas Treaty: A Living Agreement or referred to as the Kitselas Treaty, was ratified by the Kitselas First Nation on April 10, 2025.
For recent updates, please see our latest annual report.
The K’ómoks First Nation Treaty “A Living Agreement” or referred to as the K’ómoks Treaty, was ratified by the K’ómoks First Nation on March 8, 2025.
For recent updates, please see our latest annual report.
The Lheidli T’enneh Treaty was initialed in May 2018, after it had been updated after a ‘no’ vote in 2007. In June 2018 the First Nation held a second ratification vote and the community voted not to accept the treaty. The Parties have since pursued other arrangements outside of the negotiations process.
In March 2025, the signatories to the Tla’amin Final Agreement amended the Title to “ʔaʔǰɩnxʷegəs,” which mean “a good relationship with someone” in ʔayʔaǰuθəm (Tla’amin language). The title of the appendices was also changed, and a Glossary of ʔayʔaǰuθəm words was added.
On July 10, 2012 the Tla’amin Nation ratified its treaty, then titled ‘Tla’amin Final Agreement’, and now referred to as ʔaʔǰɩnxʷegəs and/or the Tla’amin Treaty. The BC Legislature ratified on March 14, 2013, and the Government of Canada ratified it on June 19, 2014, when it received Royal Assent by Parliament.
The Tla’amin Treaty took effect on April 5, 2016. For recent updates, please see our latest annual report.
The Maa-nulth First Nations Final Agreement (Maa-nulth Treaty) was ratified by the five Maa-nulth First Nations in October 2007, by the BC Legislature on November 29, 2007, and by the Government of Canada on June 18, 2009 when it received Royal Assent by Parliament.
The Maa-nulth Treaty is being implemented by five independent Indigenous governments: Huu-ay-aht First Nations, Ka:’yu:’k’t’h’/Che:k’tles7et’h’ First Nations, Toquaht Nation, Uchucklesaht Tribe Government, Yuułuʔiłʔatḥ Government, and the governments of Canada and British Columbia.
The five Modern Treaty Nations also created the Maa-nulth Treaty Society, which works to facilitate the collective success of the five Treaty Nations while respecting their individual autonomy.
The Maa-nulth Treaty took effect on April 1, 2011. For recent updates, please see our latest annual report.
The Yale First Nation Final Agreement was ratified by Yale First Nation on March 12, 2011, by the BC legislature on June 2, 2011, and by the Government of Canada on June 19, 2013, when it received Royal Assent by Parliament.
The effective date has been postponed.
The Tsawwassen First Nation Final Agreement (Tsawwassen Treaty) was ratified by the Tsawwassen First Nation in July 2007, by the BC Legislature in November 2007, and by the Government of Canada on June 26, 2008, when it received Royal Assent by Parliament.
The Tsawwassen Final Agreement took effect on April 3, 2009. For recent updates, please see our latest annual report.
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